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Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention for Dementia


Nursing Care Plans For Dementia
  • Assess the onset and characteristics of symptoms (determine type and stage of disorder).
  • Establish cognitive status using standard measurement tools.
  • Determine self-care abilities.
  • Assess threats to physical safety (eg, wandering, poor reality testing).
  • Assess affect and emotional responsiveness.
  • Assess ability and level of support available to caregivers.
  • Impaired Communication related to cerebral impairment as demonstrated by altered memory, judgment, and word finding
  • Bathing or Hygiene Self-Care Deficit related to cognitive impairment as demonstrated by inattention and inability to complete ADLs
  • Risk for Injury related to cognitive impairment and wandering behavior
  • Impaired Social Interaction related to cognitive impairment
  • Risk for Violence: Self-directed or Other-directed related to suspicion and inability to recognize people or places
Interventions and Evaluation Nursing Care Plans For Dementia
NO
DIAGNOSIS
OUTCOME
INTERVENTION
EVALUATION
1Impaired Communication related to cerebral impairment as demonstrated by altered memory, judgment, and word findingDemonstrate congruent verbal and nonverbal communication.
  • Speak slowly and use short, simple words and phrases.
  • Consistently identify yourself, and address the person by name at each meeting.
  • Focus on one piece of information at a time. Review what has been discussed with patient.
  • If patient has vision or hearing disturbances, have him wear prescription eyeglasses and/or a hearing device.
  • Keep environment well lit.
  • Use clocks, calendars, and familiar personal effects in the patient’s view.
  • If patient becomes verbally aggressive, identify and acknowledge feelings.
  • If patient becomes aggressive, shift the topic to a safer, more familiar one.
  • If patient becomes delusional, acknowledge feelings and reinforce reality. Do not attempt to challenge the content of the delusion.
  • Demonstrates decreased anxiety and increased feelings of security in supportive environment
2Bathing or Hygiene Self-Care Deficit related to cognitive impairment as demonstrated by inattention and inability to complete ADLsIndependence in Self-Care
  • Assess and monitor patient’s ability to perform ADLs.
  • Encourage decision making regarding ADLs as much as possible.
  • Label clothes with patient’s name, address, and telephone number.
  • Use clothing with elastic and Velcro for fastenings rather than buttons or zippers, which may be too difficult for patient to manipulate.
  • Monitor food and fluid intake.
  • Weigh patient weekly.
  • Provide food that patient can eat while moving.
  • Sit with patient during meals and assist by cueing.
  • Initiate a bowel and bladder program early in the disease process to maintain continence and prevent constipation or urine retention
Maintains maximum degree of orientation and self-care within level of ability
3Risk for Injury related to cognitive impairment and wandering behaviorSafety appears
  • Discuss restriction of driving when recommended.
  • Assess patient’s home for safety: remove throw rugs, label rooms, and keep the house well lit.
  • Assess community for safety.
  • Alert neighbors about the patient’s wandering behavior.
  • Alert police and have current pictures taken.
  • Provide patient with a MedicAlert bracelet.
  • Install complex safety locks on doors to outside or basement.
  • Install safety bars in bathroom.
  • Closely observe patient while he is smoking.
  • Encourage physical activity during the daytime.
  • Give patient a card with simple instructions (address and phone number) should the patient get lost.
  • Use night-lights.
  • Install alarm and sensor devices on doors.
Safety precautions and close surveillance maintained; no injury
4Impaired Social Interaction related to cognitive impairmentSocialization increase
  • Provide magazines with pictures as reading and language abilities diminish.
  • Encourage participation in simple, familiar group activities, such as singing, reminiscing, doing puzzles, and painting.
  • Encourage participation in simple activities that promote the exercise of large muscle groups.
Attends group activities; sings, exercises with group
5Risk for Violence: Self-directed or Other-directed related to suspicion and inability to recognize people or placesRisk for violence is not appears
  • Respond calmly and do not raise your voice.
  • Remove objects that might be used to harm self or others.
  • Identify stressors that increase agitation.
  • Distract patient when an upsetting situation develops.

NANDA 2011 List of Nursing Diagnosis

List of NANDA Nursing diagnosis Accepted for Use and Research Divided into 13 domains and 47 classes, below the full list of 13 Domains and 47 classes NANDA Nursing diagnosis. And complete list of NANDA Nursing diagnosis based on alphabetical order.

NANDA 2011 List of Nursing Diagnosis
  1. Domains Health Promotions
    1. Health awareness
    2. Health management
  2. Domains nutrition’s
    1. ingestion
    2. digestion
    3. Absorption
    4. Metabolism
    5. Hydration
  3. Domains Elimination/exchange
    1. Urinary System
    2. Gastrointestinal System
    3. Integumentary system
    4. Pulmonary System
  4. Domains Activity/Rest
    1. Sleep/Rest
    2. Activity/Exercise
    3. Energy Balance
    4. Cardiovascular-pulmonary Responses
    5. Self-Care
  5. Domains Perception/Cognition
    1. Attention
    2. Orientation
    3. Sensation/Perception Cognition
    4. Communication
  6. Domains Self Perception
    1. Self-Concept
    2. Self-Esteem
    3. Body Image
  7. Domains Role Relationship
    1. Caregiving Roles
    2. Family Relationship
    3. Role Performance
  8. Domains Sexuality
    1. Sexual Identity
    2. Sexual Function
    3. Reproduction
  9. Domains Coping/Stress Tolerance
    1. Post-Trauma Responses
    2. Coping Responses
    3. Neuro-behavioral Stress
  10. Domains Life Principles
    1. Values
    2. Beliefs
    3. Values/Belief/action Congruence
  11. Domains Safety/protection
    1. infection
    2. Physical Injury
    3. Violence
    4. Environmental Hazards
    5. Defensive Processes
    6. Thermo regulation
  12. Domains Comfort
    1. Physical Comfort
    2. Environmental Comfort
    3. social Comfort
  13. Domains Growth/Development
    1. Growth
    2. Development

Nursing Diagnosis List

Nursing Diagnosis List Grouped Under Functional Health Patterns

Functions / Pattern

Diagnosis

Health perception-health management

Health maintenance, alterations in

Noncompliance Potential for injury Energy Field Disturbance

Growth and Development, Altered:
Adult Failure to Thrive, Risk for Altered Growth, Risk for Altered Development,

Health Maintenance Altered Surgical Recovery, Delayed

Health Seeking Behaviours Injury, Risk for Suffocation, Poisoning, Trauma

Injury, Risk for Perioperative Positioning Management of Therapeutic Regimen, inEffective

Nutritional-metabolic

Nutrition, alterations in, less/more than body requirements

Oral mucous membrane, alterations in Skin integrity, impairment of

Adaptive Capacity, Decreased: Intracranial Body Temperature, High Risk for Altered Thermoregulation

Hypothermia, Hyperthermia Ineffective Breastfeeding

Fluid Volume Deficit / Excess / Imbalance Risk for Infection, Risk for Infection Transmission, Risk for Latex Allergy Altered Tissue Integrity

Elimination

Bowel elimination, alterations in: constipation, diarrhea, incontinence , risk for…

Urinary elimination, alteration in patterns of Urinary Retention

Incontinence: Total, Functional, Reflex, Urge Incontinence,

Maturational Enuresis

Activity-exercise

Activity intolerance Airway clearance, ineffective Breathing patterns, ineffective

Cardiac output, alterations in: decreased Diversional activity deficit

Gas exchange, impaired Home maintenance management, impaired

Mobility, impaired physical (bed, walking, wheelchair) Respiratory function, alterations in

Self-care deficit: Total, Feeding, Bathing/hygiene, Dressing/grooming, Toileting

Tissue perfusion, alteration in Cerebral, Cardiopulmonary, Renal, Gastrointestinal, Peripheral

Sleep-rest

Sleep pattern disturbance sleep deprivation

Cognitive-perceptual

Comfort, alterations in: pain, chronic pain, nausea Knowledge deficit (specify)

Sensory-perceptual alterations: Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Gustatory, Tactile, Olfactory

Confusion (acute, chronic) risk for aspiration, unilateral neglect

Self-perception

Thought processes, alterations in: Anxiety, Fear, Fatigue, Powerlessness, Hopelessness

Self-concept, disturbance in Death Anxiety

Self-concept disturbance: low self-esteem, body image disturbance, personal identity disturbance

Role-relationship

Communication, impaired verbal Family processes, alterations in

Grieving (specify) Parenting, alterations in altered role performance

Social isolation impaired social interaction Violence, potential for,

Sexuality / reproductive

Sexual dysfunction, Altered sexual pattern

Rape trauma syndrome

Coping stress tolerance

Coping, ineffective individual Coping, ineffective family

Caregiver role strain

Value-belief

Spiritual distress


Source : http://www.royalrank.com/home/list/nursing-theories/nursing-diagnosis-list

NANDA Nursing


Nursing Diagnoses 2009-2011: Definitions and Classification (NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS)

Nursing Diagnosis Nanda


A nursing diagnosis is defined as a clinical judgement about individual, family or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes which provide the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable.

Accurate and valid nursing diagnoses guide the selection of interventions that are likely to produce the desired treatment effects and determine nurse-sensitive outcomes. Nursing diagnoses are seen as key to the future of evidence-based, professionally-led nursing care – and to more effectively meeting the need of patients and ensuring patient safety. In an era of increasing electronic patient health records standardized nursing terminologies such as NANDA, NIC and NOC provide a means of collecting nursing data that are systematically analyzed within and across healthcare organizations and provide essential data for cost/benefit analysis and clinical audit.

'Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification' is the definitive guide to nursing diagnoses worldwide. Each nursing diagnoses undergoes a rigorous assessment process by NANDA-I with stringent criteria to indicate the strength of the underlying level of evidence.

Each diagnosis comprises a label or name for the diagnosis and a definition. Actual diagnoses include defining characteristics and related factors. Risk diagnoses include risk factors. Many diagnoses are further qualified by terms such as effective, ineffective, impaired, imbalanced, readiness for, disturbed, decreased etc.

The 2009-2011 edition is arranged by concept according to Taxonomy II domains (i.e. Health promotion, Nutrition, Elimination and Exchange, Activity/Rest, Perception/Cognition, Self-Perception, Role Relationships, Sexuality, Coping/ Stress Tolerance, Life Principles, Safety/Protection, Comfort, Growth/Development). The book contains new chapters on 'Critical judgement and assessment' and 'How to identify appropriate diagnoses' and core references for all nursing diagnoses. A companion website hosts NANDA-I position statements, new PowerPoint slides, and FAQs for students.

* 2009-2011 edition arranged by concepts
* New chapters on 'Critical judgement and assessment' and 'How to identify appropriate diagnoses'
* Core references for new diagnoses and level of evidence for each diagnosis
* Companion website available

Click Here :

Nursing Diagnoses 2009-2011: Definitions and Classification (NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS)

List of Nursing Diagnoses NANDA

List of nursing diagnoses


* = New diagnoses
+ = Revised diagnoses

ACTIVITY/REST—Ability to engage in necessary/desired activities of life (work and leisure) and to obtain adequate sleep/rest
Activity Intolerance
Activity Intolerance, risk for
*Activity Planning, ineffective
Disuse Syndrome, risk for
Diversional Activity, deficient
Fatigue
Insomnia
Lifestyle, sedentary
Mobility, impaired bed
Mobility, impaired wheelchair
Sleep, readiness for enhanced
Sleep Deprivation
+Sleep Pattern, disturbed
Transfer Ability, impaired
Walking, impaired

CIRCULATION—Ability to transport oxygen and nutrients necessary to meet cellular needs
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Autonomic Dysreflexia, risk for
*Bleeding, risk for
Cardiac Output, decreased
Intracranial Adaptive Capacity, decreased
*Perfusion, ineffective peripheral tissue
*Perfusion, risk for decreased cardiac tissue
*Perfusion, risk for ineffective cerebral tissue
*Perfusion, risk for ineffective gastrointestinal
*Perfusion, risk for ineffective renal
*Shock, risk for

EGO INTEGRITY—Ability to develop and use skills and behaviors to integrate and manage life experiences
Anxiety [specify level]
Anxiety, death
Behavior, risk-prone health
Body Image, disturbed
Conflict, decisional (specify)
+Coping, defensive
Coping, ineffective
Coping, readiness for enhanced
Decision Making, readiness for enhanced
Denial, ineffective
Dignity, risk for compromised human
Distress, moral
Energy Field, disturbed
Fear
Grieving
Grieving, complicated
Grieving, risk for complicated
Hope, readiness for enhanced
Hopelessness
+Identity, disturbed personal
Post-Trauma Syndrome
Post-Trauma Syndrome, risk for
Power, readiness for enhanced
Powerlessness
Powerlessness, risk for
Rape-Trauma Syndrome
[Rape-Trauma Syndrome: compound reaction-retired 2009]
[Rape-Trauma Syndrome: silent reaction-retired 2009]
*Relationships, readiness for enhanced
Religiosity, impaired
Religiosity, ready for enhanced
Religiosity, risk for impaired
Relocation Stress Syndrome
Relocation Stress Syndrome, risk for
*Resilience, impaired individual
*Resilience, readiness for enhanced
*Resilience, risk for compromised
Self-Concept, readiness for enhanced
+Self-Esteem, chronic low
Self-Esteem, situational low
Self-Esteem, risk for situational low
Sorrow, chronic
Spiritual Distress
Spiritual Distress, risk for
Spiritual Well-Being, readiness for enhanced

ELIMINATION—Ability to excrete waste products
Bowel Incontinence
Constipation
Constipation, perceived
Constipation, risk for
Diarrhea
*Motility, dysfunctional gastrointestinal
*Motility, risk for dysfunctional gastrointestinal
Urinary Elimination, impaired
Urinary Elimination, readiness for enhanced
Urinary Incontinence, functional
Urinary Incontinence, overflow
Urinary Incontinence, reflex
Urinary Incontinence, risk for urge
Urinary Incontinence, stress
[Urinary Incontinence, total-retired 2009]
Urinary Incontinence, urge
Urinary Retention [acute/chronic]

FOOD/FLUID—Ability to maintain intake of and utilize nutrients and liquids to meet physiological needs
Breastfeeding, effective
Breastfeeding, ineffective
Breastfeeding, interrupted
Dentition, impaired
*Electrolyte Imbalance, risk for
Failure to Thrive, adult
Feeding Pattern, ineffective infant
Fluid Balance, readiness for enhanced
[Fluid Volume, deficient hyper/hypotonic]
Fluid Volume, deficient [isotonic]
Fluid Volume, excess
Fluid Volume, risk for deficient
+Fluid Volume, risk for imbalanced
Glucose, risk for unstable blood
+Liver Function, risk for impaired
Nausea
Nutrition: less than body requirements, imbalanced
Nutrition: more than body requirements, imbalanced
Nutrition: risk for more than body requirements, imbalanced
Nutrition, readiness for enhanced
Oral Mucous Membrane, impaired
Swallowing, impaired

HYGIENE—Ability to perform activities of daily living
Self-Care, readiness for enhanced
Self-Care Deficit, bathing
Self-Care Deficit, dressing
Self-Care Deficit, feeding
Self-Care Deficit, toileting
*Neglect, self

NEUROSENSORY—Ability to perceive, integrate, and respond to internal and external cues
Confusion, acute
Confusion, risk for acute
Confusion, chronic
Infant Behavior, disorganized
Infant Behavior, readiness for enhanced organized
Infant Behavior, risk for disorganized
Memory, impaired
Neglect, unilateral
Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction, risk for
Sensory Perception, disturbed (specify: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, tactile,
olfactory)
Stress Overload
[Thought Processes, disturbed-retired 2009]

PAIN/DISCOMFORT—Ability to control internal/external environment to maintain comfort
*Comfort, impaired
Comfort, readiness for enhanced
Pain, acute
Pain, chronic

RESPIRATION—Ability to provide and use oxygen to meet physiological needs
Airway Clearance, ineffective
Aspiration, risk for
Breathing Pattern, ineffective
Gas Exchange, impaired
Ventilation, impaired spontaneous
Ventilatory Weaning Response, dysfunctional

SAFETY—Ability to provide safe, growth-promoting environment
Allergy Response, latex
Allergy Response, risk for latex
Body Temperature, risk for imbalanced
Contamination
Contamination, risk for
Death Syndrome, risk for sudden infant
Environmental Interpretation Syndrome, impaired
Falls, risk for
Health Maintenance, ineffective
Home Maintenance, impaired
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Immunization Status, readiness for enhanced
Infection, risk for
Injury, risk for
Injury, risk for perioperative positioning
*Jaundice, neonatal
*Maternal/Fetal Dyad, risk for disturbed
Mobility, impaired physical
Poisoning, risk for
Protection, ineffective
Self-Mutilation
Self-Mutilation, risk for
Skin Integrity, impaired
Skin Integrity, risk for impaired
Suffocation, risk for
Suicide, risk for
Surgical Recovery, delayed
Thermoregulation, ineffective
Tissue Integrity, impaired
Trauma, risk for
*Trauma, risk for vascular
Violence, [actual/] risk for other-directed
Violence, [actual/] risk for self-directed
Wandering [specify sporadic or continual]

SEXUALITY—[Component of Ego Integrity and Social Interaction] Ability to meet requirements/characteristics of male/female role
*Childbearing Process, readiness for enhanced
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexuality Pattern, ineffective

SOCIAL INTERACTION—Ability to establish and maintain relationships
Attachment, risk for impaired
Caregiver Role Strain
Caregiver Role Strain, risk for
Communication, impaired verbal
Communication, readiness for enhanced
Conflict, parental role
Coping, ineffective community
Coping, readiness for enhanced community
Coping, compromised family
Coping, disabled family
Coping, readiness for enhanced family
Family Processes, dysfunctional
Family Processes, interrupted
Family Processes, readiness for enhanced
Loneliness, risk for
Parenting, impaired
Parenting, readiness for enhanced
Parenting, risk for impaired
Role Performance, ineffective
Social Interaction, impaired
Social Isolation

TEACHING/LEARNING—Ability to incorporate and use information to achieve healthy lifestyle/optimal wellness
Development, risk for delayed
Growth, risk for disproportionate
Growth and Development, delayed
+Health Behavior, risk-prone
+Health Management, ineffective self
Knowledge, deficient (specify)
Knowledge (specify), readiness for enhanced
Noncompliance [Adherence, ineffective] [specify]
[Therapeutic Regimen Management, effective-retired 2009]
Therapeutic Regimen Management, ineffective
[Therapeutic Regimen Management, ineffective community-retired 2009]
Therapeutic Regimen Management, ineffective family
Therapeutic Regimen Management, readiness for enhanced

* = New diagnoses
+ = Revised diagnoses

Nursing Care Plan Books

Delmar's maternal-infant nursing care plans



Delmar's Maternal-Infant Nursing Care Plans, 2nd edition, provides detailed information on caring for clients during pregnancy, labor and delivery, the postpartum period, and the newborn/infant period. All the information needed to develop specific and effective nursing care plans for clients in the maternal and newborn periods is included. Each care plan presents information to guide users in developing comprehensive individualized nursing care plans based on solid scientific understanding of the physiological, psychological, and social events surrounding childbirth. Care plans solicit specific client data and prompt the user to individualize the interventions, consider cultural relevance, and evaluate the client's individual response.

Nursing Care Plan Examples

Nursing Care Plan Examples

Nursing Care Plan Examples

A nursing care plan outlines the nursing care to be provided to an individual/family/community. It is a set of actions the nurse will implement to resolve/support nursing diagnoses identified by nursing assessment. The creation of the plan is an intermediate stage of the nursing process. It guides in the ongoing provision of nursing care and assists in the evaluation of that care.

Read More : http://free-nursingcareplan.blogspot.com/

10 Most Famous Male Nurses in History

You may be surprised to learn that paid nursing was, traditionally, a male profession. The first nursing school, which opened in India in 250 B.C. only considered men as “pure” enough to be nurses. Over the centuries, however, the role of being a male nurse has come under attack as being “effeminate” or less than masculine. Currently, males make up only about six to seven percent of 2,600,000 nurses.
To counter this image, the American Assembly for Men in Nursing began a tradition of awarding an annual prize for the best U.S. nursing school or college for men. More men today are signing up to serve as nurses. The list below also may encourage men to think about the nursing profession, as it consists of ten men who offered innovations, extreme service and historic credibility to the nursing profession.
As you read this list, you may learn that many men belonged to religious orders or had religious conversions before their nursing profession at the beginning. These occurrences were common, as the church often funded hospital and nursing activities. After the 1500s, male nurses were not sought after and often faced discrimination. Today, thanks to battles won in the fight against discrimination, male nurses join the profession from a desire to help others. Additionally, the pay and benefits are good, nursing is a highly respected occupation, there are far more job openings than there are nurses to fill them.
The list is ordered by time, with the earliest nurses listed first, most recent male nurses listed last.
  1. St. BenedictSt. Benedict (480-547): Also known as Benedict of Nursia (a real place in Umbra), St. Benedict is the patron saint for servants who break their master’s things, the patron saint for gallbladders and other inflammatory ailments, and a patron saint for a happy death. He founded the first Western Christian monastic tradition that focused on spiritual matters. His connection to health is his ability to survive poisoning by blessing the cup offered to him, thereby removing the poison. Today, many hospitals and care units are named for this patron saint.
  2. Brother GerardBrother Gerard (c. 1040 – 1120; also known as Gerard Thom): Founder of the Hospitallers, also known as the Order of Malta or the Knights of Malta, but known as the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem under Brother Gerard’s leadership until 1118. This group of men provided care to the sick and wounded in Christian hospitals. Gerard expanded the hospital mission by building seven hospitals in Mediterranean ports within fifteen years. The Hospitallers grew rich from their mission and they expanded into Europe and Jerusalem. The Hospitallers originally focused on a vocation that was active in the world (not cloistered in a monastery), but Brother Gerard sought incorporation for the order under the Vatican, and it was granted. The Hospitallers adopted a white, eight-pointed cross as their symbol in honor of the eight beatitudes. They cared for Christians as well as for Muslims, and it is noted that the Jerusalem hospital became the model used by the famous Maisons-Dieu hospitals of France. The Knights of Malta today is the only original military nursing order still in existance, with almost 1,000 years of tending to the sick and poor.
  3. St. AlexisSt. Alexis (Fifth-century Rome): Although venerated as a saint, his status was minimal until he became patron to the Alexians (or, the Alexian Brothers), a group that organized in the 1300s to provide nursing care for Black Death victims. St. Alexis served many years in a hospital located in Edessa, Syria. The Alexian Brothers, a Catholic religious institute or congregation, remains active today and they maintain hospitals throughout the U.S. Their ministry is to acute care, residential elderly care, retirement age and AIDS victims.
  4. Fray Juan de MenaFriar (Fray) Juan de Mena (1500s): A Mexican nurse who tended the sick as a lay brother of the Santo Domingo of Mexico, he was deceived into leaving his province for Spain about seventy years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. A hurricane shipwrecked his ship off the south Texas Coast in 1554, but he – along with Friar Marcos de Mena – survived. However, they were attacked and Friar Juan de Mena received an arrow in the back and died after traveling a short distance. Friar Marcos de Mena was the sole survivor, and he managed to reach Tampico, Mexico with this story. Although Friar de Mena did not minister to the sick in America, he is considered the first nurse to set foot on what would become the U.S.
  5. Juan CiudadJuan Ciudad (1495-1550): Prominently known as “St. John of God,” Ciudad was a Portuguese-born friar and saint who has become one of Spain’s leading religious figures. Although he served first as a soldier for Spain, he later began printing religious books and then experienced a major spiritual conversion. From there, he expended all his energy in caring for the neediest people of Granada. He organized another order of the Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God, although — for a time — he was a one-man operation. He inspired two wealthy men to back his mission, and that order grew quickly. Juan Ciudad died in Granada in 1550 as he tried to save a drowning boy. His order grew after his death, and today operates over 250 specialized hospitals and health centers in almost fifty countries.
  6. St. Camillus de LellisSt. Camillus de Lellis (1550-1614): the year that Juan Ciudad died, St. Camillus de Lellis was born. He initially began his foray into life as a soldier who was afflicted with excessive gambling and an aggressive nature. He later returned to a hospital that previously dismissed him and eventually became director of that facility. He then founded a religious order and became the Universal Patron of the sick, hospitals and nurses. It is thought that he possessed the gifts of healing and prophecy, although he remained sick most of his life from a non-healing leg wound. His Order of Clerks Regular Ministers to the Sick (Camillians), assisted soldiers on the battlefield and devoted themselves to plague victims and alcoholics. St. Cammillus used the sign of the red cross, which still is used today. He also developed the first ambulance service and what is now known as the first home hospice.
  7. James Derham Junior High SchoolJames Derham (c. 1757-1802): Derham was the first African-American to formally practice medicine in the United States, although he never received a medical degree. Born into slavery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Derham was owned by several doctors. One of his owners, Dr. Robert Dove of New Orleans, encouraged Derham’s interest in medicine. By working as a nurse, he purchased his freedom by 1783 and opened a medical practice. Derham spoke English, French and Spanish and had a wide range of clients, serving all races. He specialized in throat disorders and diseases related to climate. Derham disappeared around 1802, fate unknown. New Orleans established the James Derham Middle School (now Junior High School) in 1960 in his honor.
  8. Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman (1819-1892): Although more recognized as a writer and poet, Whitman is, perhaps, the most noted male nurse in modern history. He spent a better part of his time during the American Civil War as a volunteer nurse after his brother was wounded. During these hospital years Whitman was known to be constantly scribbling in little notebooks made of pieced together scraps of paper. These now prized notebooks are filled with bits of poetry, addresses of friends and notes concerning the needs of the wounded soldiers. Whitman immortalized his nursing work in his poem, “The Wound Dresser.”
  9. Edward LyonEdward L. T. Lyon (mid-twentieth century): On October 6, 1955, Edward Lyon became the first man to receive a commission as a reserve officer in the U.S. Army Corps. Lt. Lyon, a nurse anesthetist, joined 3,500 commissioned women in the Corps in an act that finally overcame the U.S. military objection to male nurses. This objection was overruled by an amendment to the Army-Navy Nurses Act of 1947 that went into effect in August 1954, thanks to Rep. Frances Bolton of Ohio, a long-time nursing supporter. This change in military status of male nursing led to the growth of men in various military nurse corps. By 1990, approximately thirty percent of the registered nurses in military nursing were men, a percentage that is far higher than that of men in public nursing roles. The image of Lyon is from Men in Nursing Facebook Page.
  10. MUW LogoJoe Hogan (late twentieth century): An African-American associate-degree nurse, Hogan applied for admission to earn his bachelor’s degree in nursing at Mississippi University for Women in Columbus in 1979. Although other schools offered associate-to-bachelor’s degree programs, none were available in the local area other than MUW. Mr. Hogan was denied admission based solely upon his gender. He sued for violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, but the State argued that it had a tradition and a legitimate interest in providing educational opportunities for women in sex-segregated programs. Justice Sarah Day O’Conner found the State’s argument unpersuasive in the appeal, and today publicly funded schools of nursing cannot bar men from admission. In 2008, university President Limbert announced that MUW would remove “women” from the university’s name. Hogan was last heard from sometime in 2005 before Hurricane Katrina. He was working as a surgical anesthesiologist in New Orleans, according to his former attorney.
Books used for research on this article include:
  • Rodriguez, Junius P. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia.Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. 253-54. Available as an eBook at Google Books.
  • O’Lynn RN PhD, Chad. Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2006. Available as an eBook at Google Books.
  • http://bsntomsn.org/2009/10-most-famous-male-nurses-in-history/

Nursing Care Plan

A nursing care plan outlines the nursing care to be provided to an individual/family/community. It is a set of actions the nurse will implement to resolve/support nursing diagnoses identified by nursing assessment. The creation of the plan is an intermediate stage of the nursing process. It guides in the ongoing provision of nursing care and assists in the evaluation of that care.

Characteristics of the nursing care plan

Its focus is holistic, and is based on the clinical judgment of the nurse, using assessment data collected from a nursing framework.
It is based upon identifiable nursing diagnoses (actual, risk or health promotion) - clinical judgments about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes.
It focuses on client-specific nursing outcomes that are realistic for the care recipient
It includes nursing interventions which are focused on the etiologic or risk factors of the identified nursing diagnoses.
It is a product of a deliberate systematic process.
It relates to the future.

Elements of the nursing care plan

The nursing care plan consists of a nursing diagnosis with defining characteristics (subjective and objective data that support the diagnosis), related factors or risk factors, expected outcomes/goals, and nursing interventions.