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5 Diet Tips for High Cholesterol

Cholesterol in the field of public health in the know with bad cholesterol, the good cholesterol, and triglycerides. Good cholesterol or medical term is HDL (High Density Cholesterol) has the function to remove excess cholesterol from cells and artery walls and carry cholesterol back to the liver for disposal. Meanwhile, the bad cholesterol, is the LDL (Low Density Cholesterol) carry cholesterol from the liver and released into the blood vessel wall, may cause the accumulation / plaque on the walls of blood vessels that can cause constriction of blood vessels. Triglycerides are another type of fat contained in the food.

Surely that will be discussed high cholesterol are more specific to the bad cholesterol. Here are 5 Diet Tips for High Cholesterol, such as:

1. Eat foods that are low in cholesterol. Cholesterol is the result of a typical animal products, then this type of diet is recommended to reduce consumption of animal products, which are rich in cholesterol, such as for example is the brain, organ meats, egg yolks, fatty red meat and animal fats. Reduce saturated fats also will use. Food of animal origin, such as milk, cheese, meat, margarine, or cheese, usually contain saturated fat.

2. Increase your fiber intake. Especially water-soluble fiber, because it inhibits the absorption of cholesterol in the intestinal wall. Examples of vegetables and fruits are high soluble fiber such as squash, eggplant, radish, melon, watermelon, star fruit and guava. Use foods high in soluble fiber such as gelatin, seaweed, and fro, grass jelly, snack on replacing high-carb snacks. The study showed that consumption of nuts every day for six weeks can reduce cholesterol by 10 percent. So the food can fall into the category of cholesterol-lowering foods. And in turn, there are some foods that raise cholesterol levels in our blood. Probably about the foods that increase cholesterol levels will be discussed in another post.

3. Increase consumption of fish than meat. For most people we'd rather eat meat than fish meal. Though the content of Omega 3 fatty acids, found in fish play a role in shaping the prostacyclin which will prevent coronary heart disease, and increase the dilation of blood vessels. Prompts are good for health in terms of fish consumption was 2-3 times per week, and hopefully we can start liking different types of fish food for the future.

4. The food processing and correct. Equally important in keeping cholesterol levels remained normal is food processing. Although the selected foods low in cholesterol, when cooked with oils containing saturated oil, it still contains a high cholesterol diet. Suggested food processing is to be steamed, roasted, or boiled. When you are accustomed to fried foods, reduce the portions or choose how to cook with frying oil taking in small amounts. So if the food we are included in a cholesterol-lowering diet.

5. Consumption of Soy Milk. This type of milk can be used as an alternative source of calcium and phosphorus as a substitute for cow's milk. Included in this are soy foods. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends the consumption of soy protein, at least 25 grams per day to reduce cholesterol. There are a lot of soy-based food options available around us, ranging from tofu, tempeh and soy milk.

So a little about tips for people with high cholesterol and may be useful and can provide benefits. To the person who was having heart disease and acquired risk factors one of which is cholesterol will require a special diet with high cholesterol heart anyway. And it also needs to be discussed with the cardiologist and a nutritionist as well to help the heart-healthy diet.

Hypoparathyroidism Definition, Etiology, Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology

Definition of Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a combination of symptoms of parathyroid hormone production is inadequate. This situation rarely found and are generally often caused by damage to or removal of the parathyroid glands during parathyroid or thyroid surgery, and rarer still is the absence of the parathyroid glands (in congenital). Sometimes a specific cause is not known.

Etiology of Hypoparathyroidism

Rare primary hypoparathyroidism, and if there is usually found in children under the age of 16 years. There are three categories of hypoparathyroidism:
  1. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone secretion, there are two main causes:
    • Post surgical removal of the gland partiroid and total thyroidectomy.
    • Idiopathic, the disease is rare and can be congenital or acquired.
  2. Hipomagnesemia
  3. Secretion of parathyroid hormone is not activated.
  4. Resistance to parathyroid hormone (pseudohypoparathyroidism).
Clinical Manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism

Hypocalcaemia causes irritability neuromuskeler system and helped cause the main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism in the form of tetanus.

Tetanus is a comprehensive muscle hipertonia with tremors and spasmodic or uncoordinated contractions that occur with or without an attempt to commit voluntary movement. In a state of latent tetanus symptoms are tingling and cramps in the extremities with complaints of feeling stiffness in both hands and feet. In a real situation tetanus, signs include bronchospasm, laryngeal spasm, carpopedal spasm (flexion of the elbow and wrist joints and extension sensi carpophalangeal), dysphagia, photophobia, cardiac arrhythmias and seizures. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, depression and even delirium. Changes in the ECG and hypotension may occur. (Brunner & Suddath, 2001)

Pathophysiology of Hypoparathyroidism

In hypoparathyroidism are disorders of the metabolism of calcium and phosphate, which decreased serum calcium (up to 5 mgr%) and elevated serum phosphate (up 9.5 to 12.5 mgr%).
In the post-surgery due to inadequate production of parathyroid hormone due to removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery. The first operation was to deal with the situation by lifting hyperparathyroidism the parathyroid glands. The aim is to overcome the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, but usually too much tissue is removed.

Second operation associated with the operation of total thyroidectomy. This is because the location of the thyroid and parathyroid gland anatomy nearby (get blood from a vein of the same) so that the parathyroid glands can be affected by incision or lifted. It is very rare and is usually less than 1% in thyroid surgery. In many patients an inadequate production of parathyroid hormone secretion transient postoperative thyroid or parathyroid glands, so the diagnosis can not be made immediately after the operation.

In Pseudohypoparathyroidism symptoms and signs of hypoparathyroidism but normal levels of PTH in the blood or increased. Since the network does not respond to the hormone, the disease is a disease of the receptor. There are two forms:
  • in the form of more frequent, occurring congenital reduction in Gs activity by 50%, and PTH normally can not increase the concentration of cyclic AMP,
  • the form of the rarer, but the normal cyclic AMP response fosfaturik disturbed hormone effects.

Nursing Care Plan for Thyroidectomy (Preoperative and Postoperative)

Nursing Assessment

Preoperative

1. Activity / exercise
Insomnia, increased sensitivity, muscle weakness, impaired coordination, severe fatigue, muscle atrophy, increased respiratory frequency, tachypnea, dyspnea

2. Elimination
Urine in large amounts, diarrhea.

3. Coping / self defense
Experiencing severe anxiety and stress, both emotional and physical, emotional instability, depression.

4. Nutrition and metabolic
Nausea and vomiting, the temperature rises above 37.4 ยบ C. Enlargement of the thyroid, non-pitting edema, especially in the pretibial, diarrhea or constipation.

5. Cognitive and sensory
Talk fast and raucous, confusion, restlessness, coma, tremors of the hands, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, orbital pain, photophobia, palpitations, chest pain (angina).

6. Reproductive / sexual
Decreased libido, hypomenorrhea, menorea and impotent.

Postoperative

1. Basic assessment data
  • The pattern of activity / rest: insomnia, severe weakness, impaired coordination
  • Neuro-sensory patterns: impaired mental status and behavior, such as confusion, disorientation, anxiety, sensitive to stimuli, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.
2. Priority of Nursing
  • Returns the status of hyperthyroidism with preoperative
  • Preventing complications
  • Eliminating pain
  • Provide information on procedures
3. Purpose of repatriation
  • Complications can be prevented or reduced
  • Pain disappeared
  • Surgical procedure / prognosis and treatment can be understood
  • May need assistance in treatment techniques partially or completely,
  • Daily activities, maintaining the house chores.

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Thyroidectomy - Preoperative

1. Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to the inability of clients to enter or swallow food.

Goal:
Expected levels of available nutrients to meet metabolic demands.

Expected outcomes:
  • Fulfilled food intake, fluid and nutrients
  • Tolerance to the recommended diet
  • Maintain body mass and body weight within normal limits
  • Reported adequacy energy level
Nursing Intervention:
1. Auscultation of bowel sounds
Rational: hyperactive bowel sounds reflecting an increase in the lower stomach motalitas or alter the function of absorption.

2. Monitor food intake every day. And weights every day and report a decrease.
Rational: weight loss continuously in a state of sufficient caloric intake is an indication of the failure of antithyroid therapy.

3. Avoid feeding can increase the peristaltic bowel.
Rationale: increased motalitas gut can cause diarrhea and absorption of necessary nutrients.

4. Collaborate with doctors medicinal drugs or vitamins that are needed to meet the nutritional needs of clients.

Evaluation:
The level of nutrients available to the client able to meet the metabolic needs.


Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Thyroidectomy - Postoperative

1. Ineffective airway clearance related to airway obstruction (airway spasm).

Goal:
Kepatenan maintain airway.

Expected outcomes:
  • Demonstrate effective airway clearance evidenced by gas exchange and ventilation harmless.
  • Easy to breathe.
  • No: restlessness, cyanosis, and dyspnea.
  • Oxygen saturation in the normal range.
Nursing Intervention:
1. Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and the work of breathing.
Rational: normal breathing sometimes quickly, but development of respiratory distress is indicative of tracheal compression due to edema or hemorrhage.

2. Auscultation breath sounds, record a voice crackles.
Rational: rhonchi is indicative of obstruction / laryngeal spasm which require rapid evaluation and intervention.

3. Check the neck bandage every hour on the initial postoperative period, and then every 4 hours.
Rationale: Surgical neck region can cause airway obstruction due to postoperative edema.


2. Acute pain related to postoperative edema

Goal:
Expected to control pain and can be reduced.

Expected outcomes:
  • No moans
  • Relaxed facial expression
  • Reported pain may be reduced or lost, from the scale of 7 is reduced to 2.
Nursing Intervention:
1. Assess for signs of pain in both verbal and nonverbal, note the location, intensity (scale of 0-10), and duration.
Rationale: useful in evaluating pain, choice determine the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

2. Provides patient in semi-Fowler position, and chock the head / neck with a small pillow.
Rational: to prevent hyperextension neck and protect the integrity of the suture line

3. Instruct the patient to use relaxation techniques, such as imagination, soft music, progressive relaxation.
Rational: help untyuk refocus attention and help patients to cope with pain / discomfort more effectively.

4. Give analgesics prescribed and evaluation of effectiveness.
Rational: analgesics in severe pain may need to block pain.

Evaluation:
Pain on the client can be reduced